Aztec dia de los muertos - El Festival de Día de Muertos en Guanajuato 2023 será a partir del martes 31 de octubre hasta el 5 de noviembre, iniciando su primera actividad a las 19:00 pm …

 
November 1 and 2 are a holiday used to celebrate the dead in Mexico and around the world. Today, November 2, is the final day of the Día de los Muertos ("Day of the Dead") festival, a Mexican .... Wordscapes daily puzzle march 11 2023

A doorway to the dead: Marigolds. Brightening up awnings, arches and ofrendas, cempasuchil flowers (marigolds) are a prominent symbol of Día de los Muertos. Fresh or sometimes made of paper ... Día de los Muertos is more popular than ever—in Mexico and, increasingly, abroad. Sumpango, Guatemala, celebrates Día de los Muertos with a giant kite festival. Some kites are more than 60 ...On November 1 st, Guatemala celebrates All Saints’ Day (Día de Todos Los Santos). You might know it as the Day of the Dead or Día de Muertos. The Day of the Dead in Guatemala traditions is a joyful celebration full of life and color. It is when Guatemalans honor their loved ones through food, ancestral rituals, and unique cultural events.Oct 19, 2023 · Día de los Muertos is a combination of indigenous Aztec rituals and Catholic traditions, the latter of which were brought over to what is now Central Mexico from Spanish colonizers. Day of the Dead is an Aztec celebration. With religious beliefs and rituals, it has been celebrated in Mexico since the time of the Toltec people. Day of the Dead might sound like a solemn affair, but Mexico’s famous holiday is actually a lively commemoration of the departed.The Day of the Dead Mexico. Calavera is Spanish for “skull” and in Mexico, it has a much deeper meaning. There is a long tradition of art depicting skeletons in Mexico. Calaveras means skulls and by extension of course skeletons. Dia De Los Muertos is not celebrated on Halloween and it is not tied to this now secular day of trick or treating.The Day of the Dead (Spanish: el Día de Muertos or el Día de los Muertos) is a holiday traditionally celebrated on November 1 and 2, though other days, such as October 31 or November 6, may be included depending on the locality.The Kalpulli Huitzilin Ihuan Xochitl Aztec dancers of Fillmore will perform Nov. 5 as part of the Dia de los Muertos celebration at Oxnard Performing Arts Center. Photo by Luis Medina. Facebook; ... OPAC’s event will honor the Indigenous roots of Día de los Muertos with an Aztec blessing and ceremonial dancing performed by Kalpulli Huitzilin ...El día de los muertos y la cultura Azteca. El día de los muertos es una festividad muy importante, la del culto a los muertos. Una mirada profunda a través de la Historia del Mundo nos muestra cómo ciertas creencias, han surgido independientemente en distintas culturas. Puede que por el nombre de «día de los muertos» nos haga pensar en ... Copal remains an important component of El Dia De Los Muertos in Mexico. ... The Aztecs called it the blood of trees, the exuding resin of a species taxonomists classified as Protium copal.Día de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, is a tradition first practiced thousands of years ago by indigenous peoples such as the Aztecs and the Toltecs.Dia de los Muertos started in a region known as Mesoamerica. Though it’s more a cultural designation than a geographic one, this area includes what is today the southwestern U.S., Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Belize. From the early 14th to 16th centuries, the Aztec Empire ruled the region.Calacas usually show an active and joyful afterlife. The celebration of Los Dias de los Muertos, like the customs of Halloween, evolved with the influences of the Celtics, the Romans, and the Christian holy days of All Saints Day. But with added influences from the Aztec people of Mexico. Les célébrations du Día de los muertos au Mexique. Les célébrations d'aujourd'hui sont le fruit du mélange entre les traditions catholiques et les traditions pré-hispaniques. Le 1er ...The celebration of the festival Dia de los Muertos (alternately known as Dia de Muertos and Dia de Todos Santos) corresponds to the observance of Hallowe'en (or the Feast of All Saints and All Souls) in other countries with significant Catholic populations. These Catholic feast days, October 31-November 2, take on a unique expression in Mexico. Check out our dia de los muertos aztec selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our costume hats & headpieces shops.The Mexican Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) festival combines ancient ... Several Aztec festivals merged with the Christian All Saints' and All Souls ...Unidentified, Luis C. González, Tenth Annual Día de los Muertos Celebration, 1980, screenprint on paper, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Tomás Ybarra-Frausto, 1995.50.52 As Posada was making his images in Mexico in the mid-late 1800s, we can trace the custom of Mexican immigrants bringing their Day of the Dead …Dia de Los Muertos, which spans from November 1 to November 2, is a time to connect with ancestors. The holiday is celebrated throughout Latin America and especially in Mexico, where the tradition originates, and is effectively a fusion between indigenous Aztec beliefs and Catholic influences. Despite the name, Dia de Los …The official 2023 events have been announced, here’s the updated schedule. Dia de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, is a special time of the year in Mexico. Mexicans welcome their departed loved ones back on Earth with their favorite foods, drinks and music. The iconic Mexican holiday is a vibrant and colorful celebration of death throughout ...But the celebration that Mexicans now call Día de los Muertos almost certainly existed many centuries earlier, perhaps originating with the Toltec people …1. Día de los Muertos is a Mexican celebration inspired by Indigenous and Spanish customs. Over 3000 years ago, Indigenous groups in present-day Mexico like the Aztecs held rituals with food and ...A La Catrina Calavera is a ubiquitous image during Day of the Dead – in costumes, food, paintings and dolls, like this one. Photograph by Peter McCormick, Alamy. Everywhere you look on the streets during Day of the Dead celebrations across Latin America, a familiar face looks back. A face that juxtaposes the macabre and the elegant, it's in ...Dia de los Muertos, a deep and ancient tradition... Mesoamerican Origins. The origins of Dia De los Muertos can be traced back 2500 – 3000 years to the Aztec Festival dedicated to the goddess known as Mictecacihuatl “The Lady of the Dead,” which fell on the 9th month of the Aztec calendar during the corn harvest.A lavish Día de los Muertos altar is on display at the Mexican Cultural Institute in Washington, D.C., to celebrate Day of the Dead. Jennifer Kerrigan/NPR hide captionDefinitely not. While Día de los Muertos is celebrated immediately following Halloween, it is a holiday unto itself. Originating in Mexico, it is a two-day celebration that takes place every year ...Dia de los Muertos, or the Day of the Dead, is a deeply cherished Mexican tradition that extends far beyond the commonly recognized two-day celebration. This …Día de los Muertos, or “Day of the Dead,” is a popular celebration in Latin America. Despite the title being in the singular, the celebration usually lasts two days (November 1 and 2). While it is not a Catholic celebration, most …Nov 2, 2017 · Scenes of a Día de los Muertos parade appeared in the 2015 James Bond installment "Spectre." Apparently inspired by the film, Mexico City hosted its first Day of the Dead parade in 2016, which ... 1. Día de los Muertos is a Mexican celebration inspired by Indigenous and Spanish customs. Over 3000 years ago, Indigenous groups in present-day Mexico like the Aztecs held rituals with food and ...Origins of Dia de Muertos. When the Spaniards came to Mexico and introduced Catholicism to the indigenous people they blended traditions and beliefs to create their own customs. Dia de Muertos came to be from a mixture of the Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess, Mictecacihuatl, with the Catholic influence. Mictecacihuatl is the “lady of ...Calacas usually show an active and joyful afterlife. The celebration of Los Dias de los Muertos, like the customs of Halloween, evolved with the influences of the Celtics, the Romans, and the Christian holy days of All Saints Day. But with added influences from the Aztec people of Mexico. As practised by the indigenous communities of Mexico, el Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) commemorates the transitory return to Earth of deceased relatives and loved ones. The festivities take place each year at the end of October to the beginning of November. This period also marks the completion of the annual cycle of …02-Nov-2013 ... The origins of Día de los Muertos date back thousands of years, to the Aztec festivals celebrating the Lady of the Dead, the goddess ...Día de los Muertos is a combination of indigenous Aztec rituals and Catholic traditions, the latter of which were brought over to what is now Central Mexico from Spanish colonizers. According to ...Dia de Los Muertos, which spans from November 1 to November 2, is a time to connect with ancestors. The holiday is celebrated throughout Latin America and especially in Mexico, where the tradition originates, and is effectively a fusion between indigenous Aztec beliefs and Catholic influences. Despite the name, Dia de Los …Oct 19, 2023 · Día de los Muertos is a combination of indigenous Aztec rituals and Catholic traditions, the latter of which were brought over to what is now Central Mexico from Spanish colonizers. 30-Oct-2018 ... This tradition combines customs of the Aztecs, who practiced rituals honoring the dead, with Catholicism, which was brought to Mexico by the ...Mexican tradition holds that on Nov. 1 and 2, the dead awaken to reconnect and celebrate with their living family and friends. Given the timing, it may be tempting to equate Day of the Dead with ...The celebration known as El Día de los Muertos has various names used in diverse areas of Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America, including: El Día de los Difuntos (Day of the Deceased); El Día de los Santos (Day of the Saints); Todos Santos (All Saints); El Día de las Ánimas (Day of the Souls); and El Día de las Ánimas Benditas (Day of the …“The indifference of the Mexican to death is nourished by his indifference to life.” — Octavio Paz, Nobel Prize winner In 2017 Pixar premiered Coco, a movie centered around the Mexican tradition of Día de los Muertos— the Day of the Dead (read TGC’s review).With the film’s funny punchlines, likable main character, and emphasis on the …Difuntos or, more commonly, as the Día de los Muertos. For those who celebrate Día de los Muertos, the first day is reserved for recognizing young children who have passed away while the second day is meant to honor all others. The practices associated with Día de los Muertos are complex and rooted in the intertwined histories of theAug 2, 2022 · Originating in Mexico, it is a two-day celebration that takes place every year, starting on November 1 and ending on November 2 — commonly known on the Catholic calendar as All Souls Day. The ... Oct 29, 2019 · According to colonial period records, the Aztec empire was formed in A.D. 1427, only about a century before the arrival of Spanish . But the celebration that Mexicans now call Día de los... November 1 and 2 are a holiday used to celebrate the dead in Mexico and around the world. Today, November 2, is the final day of the Día de los Muertos ("Day of the Dead") festival, a Mexican ...Origins of El Dia de los Muertos Back in Aztec times, deceased relatives were buried close to their family homes, often in a tomb underneath the house. There was a widespread belief in the afterlife, and it was important to people of the era to keep loved ancestors close by while they continued to exist in another realm.Funky Aztecs - Mr. No Mercy. 4:22. Funky Aztecs - Tazmaniac. 4:41. 507 - Funky Aztecs - Slippin Into Darkness (Salsa Con Soulfood Mix) (Featuring 2Pac) 4:00. Explore songs, recommendations, and other album details for Day Of The Dead: Dia De Los Muertos by Funky Aztecs. Compare different versions and buy them all on Discogs.Dia de los Muertos Latin Fest at The Roxy Theatre on Saturday starting at 8:30 p.m. Day of the Dead Family Fiesta at The Longmont Museum on Saturday from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m.01-Nov-2019 ... Mictēcacihuātl, Goddess of Death. Day of the Dead can be traced back to the native peoples of central and southern Mexico, the regions where I ...Aug 22, 2023 · Día de los Muertos, known as the Day of the Dead in English, is a traditional Mexican holiday. Day of the Dead celebrations last from October 31st to November 2nd. While many people across Latin America pay respects to their deceased loved ones during the first two days of November, Mexico is home to the best-known Día de los Muertos ... El Festival de Día de Muertos en Guanajuato 2023 será a partir del martes 31 de octubre hasta el 5 de noviembre, iniciando su primera actividad a las 19:00 pm …Día de los Muertos is a mix of Roman Catholic religious influence and Aztec traditions: the Aztecs had a festival that honored their dead and a ritual to honor Mictecacihuatl and Mictlantecuhtli, the “Lady and Lord of the Dead” who watched over the bones of the deceased. They believed in death that a person’s soul would travel to the ...September 29, 2022. Day of the Dead, or Dia de los Muertos, is an often misunderstood holiday celebrated in Mexico. It originated from a centuries-old Aztec festival in honor of Mictecacihuatl, a goddess known as the Lady of the Dead. Since it follows Halloween, some people might conclude that it is the same holiday or an evil holiday praising ...A La Catrina Calavera is a ubiquitous image during Day of the Dead – in costumes, food, paintings and dolls, like this one. Photograph by Peter McCormick, Alamy. Everywhere you look on the streets during Day of the Dead celebrations across Latin America, a familiar face looks back. A face that juxtaposes the macabre and the elegant, it's in ...In Aztec mythology, ... Correction, Dec. 1, 2017: This post originally misstated that Día de los Muertos was a mistranslation of Day of the Dead.For Gennaro Garcia, his childhood memories of Dia de Los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, are as colorful and vivid as the art he creates. The 44-year-old spent his early years in Manzanillo, Colima ...Día de los Muertos (also known as Día de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday. The celebration occurs annually on October 31, November 1, and November 2, and is held to honor those who have died. Specifically, the term Día de los Muertos traditionally refers to November 2, when deceased adults are commemorated. November 1—a day known as Día de ...Origins of Dia de Muertos. When the Spaniards came to Mexico and introduced Catholicism to the indigenous people they blended traditions and beliefs to create their own customs. Dia de Muertos came to be from a mixture of the Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess, Mictecacihuatl, with the Catholic influence. Mictecacihuatl is the “lady of ...The origins of the Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico can be traced back to the indigenous peoples such as the Aztec, Maya, P'urhepecha, Nahua, ...The History of Dia de los Muertos. Rituals celebrating the deceased in Mexico go back at least 2500 years, though it initially took place in the early summer in the Aztec civilization. Those early rites took place over the course of an entire month, and honored both the deceased and a goddess known as Mictecacihuatl, the Lady of the Dead.The Day of the Dead (or Dia de los Muertos) is a festival celebrated in Mexico on October 31, November 1 and November 2, 2023. During this time, locals believe that the veil between the world of the spirits and the living is lifted, so deceased loved ones can travel back for a visit. Mexico City is home to the largest Dia de los Muertos ...Download Día de Muertos altar honoring the Mexica-Aztec goddess, Coatlicue stock art for free.The Day of the Dead (Spanish: el Día de Muertos or el Día de los Muertos) is a holiday traditionally celebrated on November 1 and 2, though other days, such as October 31 or November 6, may be included depending on the locality. Nov 2, 2018 · This feminine figure quickly became associated with Dia de los Muertos, held Nov. 1 to 2, and these poems. Though the holiday is designed to honor the dead, it’s not a mourning celebration. 29-Oct-2019 ... It is called Dia de los Muertos, or the Day of the Dead. The Day of the Dead spread from Mexico and Central America across the U.S. border. It ...04-Jun-2019 ... An Aztec inspired skull mask. The Day of the Dead include rites and rituals that stretch back over 3000 years. Indigenous people of the Pre- ...Tapete de Arena. Literally meaning “rug of sand,” a tapete de arena is a decoration on the ground in front of or on the side of a Day of the Dead altar. They can be made with sand, or with a variety of other materials like flowers, dirt, corn, beans, rice and lentils. A man dressed in traditional Tohono O’odham clothing holds a petate.Dia de los Muertos. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Created by. kennedyv123. Vocabulary and Concepts Mrs. Trott Spanish 3-4!!! Terms in this set (32) ... When the Aztec asked his god to show him a sign, what happened? Marigolds covered the ground. What purpose do the candles have? They light the way.By David Szmidt | October 29, 2021. Mexico City is preparing for its big Day of the Dead (Dia de Los Muertos) festival on October 31 after a one-year hiatus. We have the route, date, history, and traditions for you! Despite its name — Dia de Los Muertos — hinting more at loss and sadness, the annual Day of the Dead parade, scheduled for ...The roots of Dia de los Muertos go back some 3,000 years. This Mexican holiday, observed Nov. 1-2, is a joyful celebration of the lives of family and friends who have passed away.Nov 1, 2021 · A La Catrina Calavera is a ubiquitous image during Day of the Dead – in costumes, food, paintings and dolls, like this one. Photograph by Peter McCormick, Alamy. Everywhere you look on the streets during Day of the Dead celebrations across Latin America, a familiar face looks back. A face that juxtaposes the macabre and the elegant, it's in ... Oct 20, 2023 · Here is some Día de los Muertos events: Saturday, Oct. 21: Modesto’s Día de los Muertos, a community-wide celebration starting at 11 a.m. to 8 p.m. on 10th Street Plaza. The family friendly ... 31-Oct-2016 ... The tradition dates back to the Aztecs, who had a month-long celebration of death in honor of Mictecacihuatl, the goddess of the underworld. Due ...Mexican tradition holds that on Nov. 1 and 2, the dead awaken to reconnect and celebrate with their living family and friends. Given the timing, it may be tempting to equate Day of the Dead with ...Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Large+Mesoamerican+Mayan+Aztec+Skull+Day+of+The+Dead+Dia+De+Los+Muertos+Calavera at the best ...By Gabe Avila October 2019 Origins The original iteration of Día de los Muertos was an Aztec festival first mentioned approximately 3000 years ago, prior to Spanish colonization in the 1600s. This version took place at the beginning of August and lasted for an entire month! The festival was dedicated to the goddess Mictēcacihuātl, or …As practised by the indigenous communities of Mexico, el Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) commemorates the transitory return to Earth of deceased relatives and loved ones. The festivities take place each year at the end of October to the beginning of November. This period also marks the completion of the annual cycle of cultivation of maize, the country’s predominant food crop. Families ...The Day of the Dead is an annual holiday that begins on Nov. 1 and ends on Nov. 2 each year. Some celebrate on Oct. 31 or Nov. 6 depending on geographical location. The day often gets confused ...01-Nov-2019 ... Mictēcacihuātl, Goddess of Death. Day of the Dead can be traced back to the native peoples of central and southern Mexico, the regions where I ...Día de los Muertos -- also known as "Día de Muertos," or "Day of the Dead" in English -- is a holiday with Mexican origins that is celebrated on November 1 - 2. While some imagery might be close to that of Halloween, there are significant differences between the two. Día de los Muertos is a day to celebrate death -- or, more specifically ...Oct 20, 2023 · Here is some Día de los Muertos events: Saturday, Oct. 21: Modesto’s Día de los Muertos, a community-wide celebration starting at 11 a.m. to 8 p.m. on 10th Street Plaza. The family friendly ... El Día de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, is a longstanding and time-honored holiday with deep historical and cultural roots.Celebrated in Mexico and in many places throughout the United States, El Día de los Muertos and its associated rituals date back thousands of years to ancient Mesoamerica, where it was celebrated by the Olmec, Toltex, Mexika, and Maya.En lugar de llorar a sus muertos, los antiguos mexicanos celebraban la vida de los difuntos y honraban su memoria. Durante el Día de los Muertos, que se celebraba entre el 31 de octubre y el 2 de noviembre, creían que los muertos tenían una breve ventana para dejar el reino de los espíritus y visitar a sus seres queridos en el mundo mortal.Funky Aztecs - Mr. No Mercy. 4:22. Funky Aztecs - Tazmaniac. 4:41. 507 - Funky Aztecs - Slippin Into Darkness (Salsa Con Soulfood Mix) (Featuring 2Pac) 4:00. Explore songs, recommendations, and other album details for Day Of The Dead: Dia De Los Muertos by Funky Aztecs. Compare different versions and buy them all on Discogs.Dia de Los Muertos celebrates both worlds, old and “new,” by combining elements of Mesoamerican remembrance of the dead with All Saints and All Souls feast days. This interactive session provides secondary educators in world cultures, geography and history an opportunity for students to explore the syncretic roots of the tradition, which ... Photo by ML Harris/Shutterstock. 2. Oaxaca. The southern Mexican state of Oaxaca is known for its mezcal distilleries, traditional artisans, and generally well-preserved culture. During Día de los Muertos, colorful celebrations occur in Oaxaca City as well as in smaller villages across the region.

10. Dia de los Muertos at Olvera Street, Los Angeles, California. Los Angeles has a few worthwhile Day of the Dead celebrations, and this one is definitely one of them. Olvera Street, known as “the birthplace of Los Angeles,” is a Mexican Marketplace that recreates a romantic “Old Los Angeles.”. It was created in 1930 “to preserve and .... Cauy

aztec dia de los muertos

Los aztecas tenían su propio “día de los muertos”, un festival de un mes de duración que se celebraba aproximadamente en el mes de agosto. Durante el festival, el pueblo azteca honraba los espíritus de los antepasados fallecidos y conmemoraba al dios y la diosa casados que gobernaban el inframundo. Mictecacihuatl era conocida como la ...Many traditions changed, including those of Dia de los Muertos.4 The Aztecs laid out offerings for the king and queen of the underworld for the whole month of August, and the Spanish were the ...The celebration of the festival Dia de los Muertos (alternately known as Dia de Muertos and Dia de Todos Santos) corresponds to the observance of Hallowe'en (or the Feast of All Saints and All Souls) in other countries with significant Catholic populations. These Catholic feast days, October 31-November 2, take on a unique expression in Mexico. Skulls were used during rituals in the Aztec era and passed on as trophies during battles. Today, during Dia de Los Muertos, small decorated sugar skulls are ...Día de los Muertos Celebration . Day of the Dead originated thousands of years ago with the Aztec and Nahua people. Mourning the dead was considered disrespectful because in these cultures, the dead are still considered to be members of the community. It is up to their families to keep their memory alive.El Dia de los Muertos goes back to the Aztecs, who had not just a few days but an entire month dedicated to the dead. Festivities were presided over by the goddess Mictecacihuatl . The annual rite features skeletons, altars and other trappings of death, but the ancient holiday celebrates life in its embrace of death.31-Oct-2017 ... Día de los Muertos is often tied to Mexico, where the tradition originated, but it also combines indigenous Aztec ritual with Catholicism, ...Dia de Los Muertos celebrates both worlds, old and “new,” by combining elements of Mesoamerican remembrance of the dead with All Saints and All Souls feast days. This interactive session provides secondary educators in world cultures, geography and history an opportunity for students to explore the syncretic roots of the tradition, which ...There’s a lot of energy in town, as people are ready to officially celebrate Dia de los Muertos after weeks of prep. Families visit the town’s cemeteries to decorate their loved ones’ graves and gravestones, and many put the finishing touches on the ofrendas (altars) outside of their homes.A celebração do Día de los Muertos de hoje é uma mistura de ritos religiosos pré-hispânicos e festas cristãs. Acontece nos dias 1 e 2 de novembro – Dia de Todos os Santos e Dia de Finados no calendário católico – na época da colheita do milho no outono. 2. Foi reconhecido pela UnescoThere are more than 400 types of pan de muerto prepared in bakeries throughout Mexico during Día de los Muertos, the festival honoring the dead.The three-day celebration lasts from October 31 to ...Mexico’s Dia de los Muertos is usually related to images of colorful skeletons, made popular by the political cartoonist Jose Guadalupe Posada. He created “La Calavera de la Catrina,” one of the most popular skeleton cartoons related to this holiday, as a satire of high society during the time of the Mexican Revolution in the early 1900s.Check out our dia de los muertos aztec selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our costume hats & headpieces shops.FRESNO, Calif. (KFSN) -- Dia de los Muertos is celebrated on November 1 and 2. The holiday dates back thousands of years -- starting with the Aztecs. That tradition continues on the Fresno State ...585 Likes, 22 Comments. TikTok video from Miahuatl (@miahuatl): "Some basic history on the Cempasúchil #flower #diadelosmuertos #aztec #nahua #nahuatl ...Día de los Muertos is a mix of Roman Catholic religious influence and Aztec traditions: the Aztecs had a festival that honored their dead and a ritual to honor Mictecacihuatl and Mictlantecuhtli, the “Lady and Lord of the Dead” who watched over the bones of the deceased. They believed in death that a person’s soul would travel to the ...On November 1 st, Guatemala celebrates All Saints’ Day (Día de Todos Los Santos). You might know it as the Day of the Dead or Día de Muertos. The Day of the Dead in Guatemala traditions is a joyful celebration full of life and color. It is when Guatemalans honor their loved ones through food, ancestral rituals, and unique cultural events.31-Oct-2019 ... Today, Day of the Dead is associated almost exclusively with marigolds (cempasuchil). The Aztecs, by contrast, utilized a remarkable variety of ....

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